以下词条均为站长进行图书加工时所查询的东东，并进行整理加工后添加的。是个人的理解，也许比维基还不正规。但它能给你对该词条的大部分的认识。来自NET，反哺NET。

         Programmed cell death is induced by many different factors and involves numerous signaling pathways, some dependent on caspase proteases and others that are caspase independent. Like cytochrome C, AIF (apoptosis-inducing factor) is a protein found in mitochondria that is released from mitochondria by apoptotic stimuli. While cytochrome C is linked to caspase-dependent apoptotic signaling, AIF release stimulates caspase-independent apoptosis, moving into the nucleus where it binds DNA. DNA binding by AIF stimulates chromatin condensation, and DNA fragmentation, perhaps through recruitment of nucleases. DNA-binding by AIF occurs through a distinct domain of the protein in a manner that does not relay on specific DNA sequences. AIF also has another domain that acts as an NADH oxidase, a redox enzyme. The NADH oxidase activity of AIF is separable from its DNA-binding activity and is not required for AIF to induce apoptosis. In this role, AIF protects against apoptosis rather than inducing apoptosis. In mice down regulation of the AIF gene created harlequin mice with oxidative damage to neurons and increased neuronal cell death. Loss of AIF also increased sensitivity to peroxides, suggesting that AIF may act as a peroxide scavenger. The mechanism by which AIF protects against peroxide damage is not clear, but may involve a more indirect mechanism than direct peroxide scavenging since the enzyme does not appear to have this activity in vitro. Elucidating further the role of AIF as a redox enzyme will shed further light on its normal function in mitochondria as well as its role in apoptosis and disease.

　

迪厄拉富瓦溃疡

     74岁女性，以呕血入院。胃镜下见食管胃交界下方脉冲样出血（倒镜时明显），血柱由粘膜破损处喷出，未见溃疡，以热探头灼烧后止血，未再复发。(南京消化网)

     胃Dieulafoy病具有以下特点：(1)该畸形动脉直径较粗，多在1.6～1. 8mm之间，是正常胃粘膜肌层血管的10倍。(2)该畸形动脉位置相对恒定，常见于贲门下6cm范围内，即胃左血管供应区，占85%。(3)该畸形动脉反复搏动，加之胃内食物机械刺激、胃酸的侵袭、胆汁的返流等等，致其表面粘膜萎缩、变薄、糜烂、溃疡形成，但病变局限，溃疡表浅，不足以引起溃疡病典型的临床表现，借此可与溃疡病引起的出血初步鉴别。(4)该畸形动脉破溃致动脉性大出血来势猛，发展快，常见呕血、便血外，多伴有休克表现。当血压下降或胃壁肌肉收缩可致局部血栓形成出血暂时停止；当血压回升，血栓可脱落再出血，出血且难以停止。

     Dieulafoy's disease is an uncommon condition that is sometimes difficult to diagnose. it is an uncommon cause of gastrointestinal bleeding, which accounts for approximately 1% of all non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding episodes . Most are cases of peptic ulcer . Nevertheless, the actual incidence of this disease is not accurately known, since misdiagnosis may occur in some cases . Most of these lesions are located in the stomach , although they may also appear in other parts of the gastrointestinal tract such as the duodenum, jejunum or rectum. Although fairly uncommon, this entity may be potentially severe and even have a fatal outcome.

     It is also known as "caliber-persistent artery", and consists of a large caliber artery which protrudes through the submucosa and contacts the mucosa . Minute ruptures in this usually atrophied mucosa  lead to rupture of the vessel and cause subsequent bleeding. This bleeding may be recurrent or single. Diagnosis is difficult when no active bleeding is observed, since no apparent lesion in the mucosa can be seen . Initial treatment usually consists of endoscopic management: injection techniques combined with another modality of endoscopic hemostasis: thermocoagulation or mechanical methods (hemoclipping or band ligation). If the bleeding cannot be stopped by these techniques, a surgical resection of the affected segment is generally indicated.

     能与对应抗体结合出现抗原-抗体反应、又不能单独激发人或动物体产生抗体的抗原。它只有反应原性，不具免疫原性，又称不完全抗原。大多数多糖和所有的类脂都属于半抗原。如果用化学方法把半抗原与某种纯蛋白的分子（载体）结合，纯蛋白会获得新的免疫原性，并能刺激动物产生相应的抗体。半抗原一旦与纯蛋白结合，就构成该蛋白质的一个抗原簇。一些比一般半抗原分子量小，但有特异结构的化学活性基团物质（如青霉素、磺胺剂等），称为简单半抗原。当简单半抗原进入过敏体质的机体时，能与体内组织蛋白结合，成为完全抗原，这种完全抗原可引起超敏反应。
　

枯否细胞

    肝巨噬细胞：又称库普弗细胞（Kupffer cells, KC），位于肝血窦腔内，具有变形运动和活跃的吞噬功能，还具有处理和传递抗原、调节机体免疫应答等作用，属单核吞噬细胞系统主要成员。是清除细菌及其毒素从而拮抗感染的重要防御细胞，同时也通过释放各种炎症介质，在内毒素性肝损伤的发生中发挥主导作用 。

    剧烈干呕、呕吐或其它原因致腹内压骤然增加，造成胃贲门、食管远端的粘膜和粘膜下层撕裂，并发大量出血，称为食管贲门粘膜撕裂综合征（又称Mallory-Weiss综合征）。是临床常见的上消化道出血原因之一。